Like a lot of kids, the great Martinican/Algerian revolutionary <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2001/jan/13/biography.peterlennon">Frantz Fanon</a> loved playing soccer as a youngster. Returning to Martinique in 1945 after fighting in Europe and North Africa in World War II, Fanon continued to play soccer with a local team.
Soccer was always part of Fanon’s life. Nearly a decade after the war, he attempted to create a therapeutic community at Blida-Joinville Psychiatric Hospital in Algeria. He organised a soccer team in the institution and arranged for matches with other teams in the community.
In <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Wretched-Earth-Frantz-Fanon/dp/0802141323">“The Wretched of the Earth”</a>, perhaps Fanon’s most famous book which was written in 1961, he reflects on the anti-colonial struggles in Africa and warns of upcoming challenges. The book was prescient and still remains relevant. But Fanon’s remarks on sport, which come in the central chapter “Pitfalls of National Consciousness”, have been little discussed.
Fanon writes,
<blockquote>The youth of Africa should not be oriented toward the stadiums but toward the fields, the fields and the schools. The stadium is not an urban showpiece but a rural space that is cleared, worked, and offered to the nation. The capitalist notion of sports is fundamentally different from that which should exist in an underdeveloped country.</blockquote>
The context and framing of Fanon’s remarks is important. Remember, this was a period of epochal transformation. The end of formal colonial rule marked by independence.
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Imagine the possibility of building solidarity and sociality in the midst of such turmoil? The idea that all are equal and the future is possible only together was one of Fanon’s guiding principles.
<h2>Four billion followers</h2>
One can only imagine what Fanon would have made of soccer today, especially that it has become so incredibly popular and so driven by money.
Soccer has <a href="http://www.totalsportek.com/most-popular-sports/">four billion followers</a> worldwide. According to the sport’s controlling body, FIFA, 270 million people (4% of the world’s population) are <a href="http://www.fifa.com/media/news/y=2007/m=5/news=fifa-big-count-2006-270-million-people-active-football-529882.html">actively involved</a> in the game.
Where it comes to professional soccer, obscene amounts of money are made. English Premier League team, Manchester United, <a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/mikeozanian/2017/06/06/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-2017/#5cbceee177ea">rated</a> as the most valuable team in the world, is worth $3.69 billion.
In the pyramid of global soccer, with its players owned and managed by agents, third parties, management companies and so on, local football leagues are often very small cogs in hierarchical system. In Europe the <a href="https://www.premierleague.com/">English Premier League</a>, Spain’s <a href="http://kwese.espn.com/football/league/_/name/esp.1">La Liga</a>, the <a href="http://kwese.espn.com/search/results?q=Bundesliga#gsc.tab=0&amp;gsc.q=Bundesliga&amp;gsc.page=1">Bundesliga</a> in Germany, followed by <a href="http://www.bbc.com/sport/football/italian-serie-a">Serie A</a> and <a href="http://www.ligue1.com/">Ligue 1</a>, in Italy and France respectively, vie for the best players.
The European war of the clubs is played out in the highly mediated Champions League. Fans support clubs which use all sorts of illegal and semi-legal means to extract players from the global South often through systems that mirrors the move from periphery to semi-periphery to centre (from Brazil to Portugal to Spain, or from West Africa to France and England and so on).
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Everyone is aware of the transfer sagas. They include the valuations of humans, with <a href="http://www.foxsports.com/soccer/gallery/most-expensive-soccer-transfers-all-time-cristiano-ronaldo-gareth-bale-neymar-luis-suarez-072516">transfer fees </a>having already exceeded $110 million for some top players (and likely to go even higher now with transfer season open again), the scouting for young talent, the clubs’ rhetoric of “war chests”, the endless TV sport shows speculation about signings, and the schoolyard banter “we’ve got …” and “you’ve got f… all”.
<h2>Laying of wreaths</h2>
The culture industry was wonderfully reproduced at Wembley Stadium in May when Arsenal <a href="http://www.wembleystadium.com/Events/2017/FA-Cup-Final/Emirates-FA-Cup-Final">won</a> the FA Cup, beating Chelsea 2-1. The event was introduced not only by the national anthem, standard fare at these things, but also a <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/football/2017/may/26/manchester-attack-fa-cup-premiership-finals-minute-silence">minute’s silence</a> for the victims of the bombing in Manchester, the laying of wreaths, black armbands, and “I love MCR” signs which were shown multiple times on TV.
The mythology of nation is recreated in this “traditional” sporting event as an act of nostalgia and modernity. Here, globally networked, televised for a fee based on international viewership, is “England”.
After they won Arsenal played The Clash’s 1979 punk-rock anthem, <a href="http://www.songfacts.com/detail.php?id=2527">London Calling</a>, to celebrate the “Emirates Cup” win at Wembley. The iconic English cup, branded as the oldest association football competition in the world, is <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/football/2015/apr/28/fa-cup-sponsorship-emirates">now named after an airline</a>.
One element of Premiership football is its international cast of star players. Only a minority of English players play in the “Premier League” – the most branded, most watched league in the world. <a href="http://www.arsenal.com/emirates-stadium/get-to...-emirates-stadium">The Emirates</a> (Arsenal’s branded stadium), whose name also evokes the shining lights of Abu Dhabi neoliberal turbo-capitalism and the super-rich, was opened by the royal right-winger Prince Phillip.
<a href="https://www.theguardian.com/football/sepp-blatter">Sepp Blatter</a>, formerly the head-crook at the sports controlling body FIFA, ranked the Queen of England as having more football knowledge than former Italian Prime Minister, AC Milan owner and fraudster, <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-11981754">Silvio Berlusconi</a>.
All in all, these are the types of nasty people who own the clubs and run a game. Everyone is aware of this hyper-capitalist story but the outrage is usually directed elsewhere. Fans want rich owners and often turn a blind eye to how they’ve got these riches.
It is all about money, of course.
Sport is also bigger than politics; people talk and argue about sports minutiae all the time. It is a space where ordinary people are allowed to be passionate and knowledgeable. Politics is elitist, technocratic and its discourse is typically opaque. Soccer — very often couched in masculine terms — is populist.
<h2>Challenging the alienation</h2>
Soccer is a social game, a team game. And we can imagine how Fanon considered it therapeutic with everything centred on his “patients” taking charge from creating the pitch and fielding a team, to finding “opponents” and developing schedules. All this was part of the social therapy that Fanon envisaged would help break down institutional hierarchies in the psychiatric hospital and foster social relations and challenging the alienation that was part of the institution.
When Fanon writes of sport “expanding minds” and the task of “humanizing” he is concerned with a mental and psychological liberation, namely freeing the mind from the nervous conditions induced by colonialism and war and the unthinkingly reproduction that Europe be looked to for models.
Fanon here sounds a bit schoolmasterly telling the youth what they should do. But the larger question in these days of corporate global football dominated by European leagues and its teams, with each a “brand” most likely owned by multinational capital, is how can this model possibly be followed in the global south?
Fanon answer is unequivocal:
<blockquote>Comrade, the European game is finally over.</blockquote>
Instead,
<blockquote>The African politician should not be concerned with producing professional sportspeople, but conscious individuals who also practice sports.</blockquote>
But today, one would be hard pressed to find an African politician who would advocate this perspective. Politics is a dirty and corrupt game for personal game. The pragmatic African politician dismisses Fanon’s notions as Utopian. They are not concerned with social transformation but adaption to becoming cogs in the machine of global capital by any means.
What can we make of Fanon’s notion of what sport could be?
He offers a wholly different conception and imagination of sport, decolonization, and the nation.
Can we imagine a different notion of sport? Not necessarily non-competitive but competitive in a different way: A decolonized notion that is radically anti-capitalist, radically anti-commercial and anti-bourgeois. This is what Fanon is asking us to think about. &#8211; Written by <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/nigel-gibson-382731" rel="author">Nigel Gibson</a>, Associate Professor of Interdisciplinary Studies, Emerson College
Originally published in <a href="https://theconversation.com/africa">The Conversation</a>.
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Fanon on soccer: radically anti-capitalist, anti-commercial and anti-bourgeois