Elon Musk&#8217;s meteoric rise up the Forbes Billionaire List has continued this month, as he’s ascended past luminaries such as Warren Buffett and Steve Ballmer. As of Monday afternoon, Musk&#8217;s net worth surpassed <a href="https://www.forbes.com/real-time-billionaires/#11a0831e3d78">$74 billion</a>, meaning he is now the fifth-richest person on the planet.



KEY FACTS



<ul class="wp-block-list"><li>Musk, 49, is the CEO of SpaceX and Tesla, the electric vehicle company whose stock price has soared since March.</li></ul>



<ul class="wp-block-list"><li>Tesla shares gained another 9.5% in Monday&#8217;s trading to $1,643.00, giving it a <a rel="noreferrer noopener" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2020/07/20/cramer-says-moves-in-tech-stocks-are-truly-insane-as-amazon-and-tesla-climb.html" target="_blank">60%</a> rise in just three weeks since June 29, and a nearly 300% increase in 2020 alone.</li></ul>



<ul class="wp-block-list"><li>Tesla is now not only the <a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/sergeiklebnikov/2020/07/01/tesla-is-now-the-worlds-most-valuable-car-company-with-a-valuation-of-208-billion/#64a2c1d05334">world&#8217;s most valuable car company</a>, with a market cap of $304.5 billion, it’s worth more than Ford, Ferrari, General Motors and BMW <a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/sergeiklebnikov/2020/07/01/tesla-is-now-the-worlds-most-valuable-car-company-with-a-valuation-of-208-billion/#64a2c1d05334">combined</a>.</li></ul>



<ul class="wp-block-list"><li>Musk was ranked <a href="https://www.forbes.com/billionaires/"> No. 31</a> on Forbes&#8217; Billionaires List as recently as mid-March, with a net worth just under $25 billion.</li></ul>



<ul class="wp-block-list"><li>His fortune has nearly tripled since then, skyrocketing to $74.2 billion at the close of trading Monday, <a href="https://www.forbes.com/real-time-billionaires/#11a0831e3d78">Forbes calculates.</a></li></ul>



<ul class="wp-block-list"><li>Musk owns 21% of Tesla but has pledged more than half his stake as collateral for loans; Forbes has discounted his stake to take the loans into account.</li></ul>



KEY BACKGROUND: 



Musk first debuted on Forbes’ 400 Wealthiest Americans List in 2012 in 190th place with a net worth of $2.4 billion. On January 1 this year, he was the 37th richest person on earth. However, Tesla&#8217;s sudden and spectacular rise has propelled him near the very top of the world&#8217;s wealthiest humans. Tesla&#8217;s surge has confounded some investors, considering it’s far smaller than its competitors and only recently began to log quarterly profits. Tesla produced&nbsp;<a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/sergeiklebnikov/2020/07/01/tesla-is-now-the-worlds-most-valuable-car-company-with-a-valuation-of-208-billion/#64a2c1d05334">103,000 vehicles</a>&nbsp;in the first quarter; Toyota produced&nbsp;<a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/sergeiklebnikov/2020/07/01/tesla-is-now-the-worlds-most-valuable-car-company-with-a-valuation-of-208-billion/#64a2c1d05334">2.4 million vehicles</a>&nbsp;during that same period. In 2019, American automakers General Motors and Ford generated&nbsp;<a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/danrunkevicius/2020/07/20/tesla-stock-may-be-rallying-for-this-absurd-reasonand-this-wont-end-well/#794f313f67a6">ten times</a>&nbsp;more sales than Tesla. Late last month, analysts from Morgan Stanley warned that Tesla stock, which was trading at roughly $1,000 per share at that time, was &#8220;<a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/sergeiklebnikov/2020/06/23/tesla-is-overvalued-investors-are-treating-it-too-much-like-a-tech-company-says-morgan-stanley/#15e075f96c74">grossly overvalued</a>&nbsp;and set to plunge.&#8221; Earlier this month, Musk said that Tesla would produce virtually fully autonomous&nbsp;<a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/johnkoetsier/2020/07/09/elon-musk-tesla-will-have-level-5-self-driving-cars-this-year/#1942918a2d1d">self-driving vehicles</a>&nbsp;by the end of 2020, a claim that was met with skepticism by an auto industry accustomed to a heaping of hype from Musk on the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/14/business/tesla-autopilot-germany.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">capabilities of self-driving technology</a>. Musk has not sold shares of Tesla&nbsp;<a href="http://sites/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">since 2010</a>.



CRITICAL QUOTES:



&#8220;I really couldn&#8217;t care less,&#8221; Musk emailed Forbes about his net worth earlier this month. &#8220;These numbers rise and fall, but what really matters is making great products that people love.&#8221;



&#8220;Moves like we are seeing in Microsoft and Tesla and Amazon are truly insane and unlike any i have ever seen in my life,&#8221;&nbsp;<a href="https://twitter.com/jimcramer/status/1285293615019888640?s=20" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tweeted</a>&nbsp;analyst Jim Cramer on Monday afternoon. When asked if Tesla was a &#8216;Covid Stock,&#8217; Cramer&nbsp;<a href="https://twitter.com/jimcramer/status/1285310934114861057?s=20" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">replied</a>, &#8220;i don&#8217;t even know if it is a stock. it is something else entirely, like a new species discovered in the wild.&#8221;&nbsp;



TANGENT:



When Kanye West<a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/randalllane/2020/07/08/kanye-west-says-hes-done-with-trump-opens-up-about-white-house-bid-damaging-biden-and-everything-in-between/#4597b0a647aa"> initially announced</a> that he was running for president, he said he had the &#8220;full support&#8221; of Musk, a longtime close friend. In a <a rel="noreferrer noopener" href="https://pagesix.com/2020/07/11/elon-musk-backpedals-on-support-of-kanye-wests-presidential-bid/" target="_blank">since-deleted tweet</a>, Musk responded, &#8220;We may have more differences of opinion than I anticipated.&#8221; However, Musk later told <a rel="noreferrer noopener" href="https://pagesix.com/2020/07/13/elon-musk-on-why-hes-still-backing-kanye-west-for-president/" target="_blank">Page Six</a>, &#8220;Kanye explained afterward some of the reasoning behind why he said what he said. It makes more sense than many people, including me, realized.&#8221; On July Fourth, Musk <a rel="noreferrer noopener" href="https://pagesix.com/2020/07/13/elon-musk-on-why-hes-still-backing-kanye-west-for-president/" target="_blank">tweeted</a>, &#8220;You have my full support!&#8221;



&#8211; <a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/tommybeer/">Tommy Beer</a>, Forbes Staff, <a href="https://www.forbes.com/business">Business</a>

gettyimages-1130598362-594×594

Elon Musk Is Now The Fifth Richest Person In The World

THE CHANGING FORTUNES OF THE WORLD’S RICHEST



The super rich are a whole lot richer than they were two months ago. Twenty five of the wealthiest people on Forbes’ list of the world’s billionaires are worth a whopping $255 billion more than when the U.S. stock market hit a mid-pandemic low on March 23. 



Together these 25 folks–Forbes&nbsp;looked at just those on the list with fortunes tied to public stocks–are worth nearly $1.5 trillion, which is about 16% of the total wealth held by the world&#8217;s billionaires.



Facebook CEO <a href="https://www.forbes.com/profile/mark-zuckerberg/">Mark Zuckerberg</a> is the biggest dollar gainer among this rarified group. Facebook shares surged nearly 60% over the past two months, hitting a record high on Friday May 22.  Investors responded positively to the Wednesday debut of Shops, Facebook&#8217;s effort to host digital storefronts for small business owners. Zuckerberg, now worth $86.5 billion, has become the fourth-richest person in the world, up from the No. 7 richest on Forbes’ 2020 list of the World’s Billionaires, published in early April. The 36-year-old is now richer than <a href="https://www.forbes.com/profile/warren-buffett/">Warren Buffett</a>, Inditex founder <a href="https://www.forbes.com/profile/amancio-ortega/">Amancio Ortega</a> and Oracle cofounder <a href="https://www.forbes.com/profile/larry-ellison/">Larry Ellison</a>.



The second-largest gainer in dollar terms is also the world&#8217;s richest man, Amazon founder and CEO&nbsp;<a href="https://www.forbes.com/profile/jeff-bezos/?listuri=rtb">Jeff Bezos</a>. Shares of the ecommerce giant have continued on a tear amid increased demand since coronavirus shuttered physical retailers. Amazon stock is up 29% since March 23. As of the end of the day Friday, Bezos was worth $146.9 billion, up $30 billion and 26% since March 23.&nbsp;



The biggest percentage gainer is <a href="https://www.forbes.com/profile/colin-zheng-huang/">Colin Zheng Huang</a>, the founder of China&#8217;s second largest online marketplace (behind Alibaba), Pinduoduo. Boosted by the firm&#8217;s social shopping model, in which users share purchases with friends and family, and an aggressive campaign offering subsidized deals to consumers, Pinduoduo&#8217;s shares have nearly doubled since March 23, and Huang, its 40-year-old founder and CEO, has added $17.9 billion to his fortune; he&#8217;s now <a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/jenniferwang/2020/05/22/china-has-a-new-third-richest-man-and-hes-only-40-years-old/#70a53212739f">China&#8217;s third-richest person</a>, worth $35.6 billion.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="594" height="396" src="https://www.forbesafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/gettyimages-674197340-594x594-1.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-45538" srcset="https://cms.forbesafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/gettyimages-674197340-594x594-1.jpg 594w, https://cms.forbesafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/gettyimages-674197340-594x594-1-300x200.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 594px) 100vw, 594px" /><figcaption>Colin Huang, chief executive officer and founder of Pinduoduo, poses for a photograph at the company&#8217;s office in Shanghai, China, on Friday, Feb. 24, 2017. Pinduoduo, or PDD, is a kind of Facebook-Groupon mashup that Huang believes could revolutionize e-commerce. Photographer: Qilai Shen/Bloomberg via Getty Images</figcaption></figure>



Another notable gainer: <a href="https://www.forbes.com/profile/mukesh-ambani/">Mukesh Ambani</a>, who became Asia&#8217;s richest person in April after Facebook announced a $5.7 billion investment into Mumbai-based Reliance Jio, a telecom subsidiary of the sprawling conglomerate founded by Ambani&#8217;s late father. The company has since raised loads more, including $1.5 billion from private equity giant KKR on Friday and $750 million from investment firm Silver Lake earlier this month. All told, the firm has raked in $10 billion of fresh capital in less than one month. Ambani is now worth $52.7 billion, up nearly $20 billion since the market trough. 



Billionaires with net worths tied to stakes in technology companies have led the way for gains amid the pandemic. The tech-heavy Nasdaq composite index turned positive for the year earlier this month, and it&#8217;s up 37% since March 23. The S&amp;P 500 and Dow Jones, meanwhile, are up about 31% each–still down roughly 10% and 15% for the year, respectively. 



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="594" height="367" src="https://www.forbesafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/gettyimages-965568310-594x594-1.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-45539" srcset="https://cms.forbesafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/gettyimages-965568310-594x594-1.jpg 594w, https://cms.forbesafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/gettyimages-965568310-594x594-1-300x185.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 594px) 100vw, 594px" /><figcaption>FAYETTEVILLE, AR &#8211; JUNE 1: Members of the Walton family (L-R) Rob, Alice and Jim speak during the annual Walmart shareholders meeting event on June 1, 2018 in Fayetteville, Arkansas. The shareholders week brings thousands of shareholders and associates from around the world to meet at the company&#8217;s global headquarters. (Photo by Rick T. Wilking/Getty Images)</figcaption></figure>



Not a single top 25 fortune has fallen since March 23. The fortunes of&nbsp;<a href="https://www.forbes.com/profile/jim-walton/">Jim</a>,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.forbes.com/profile/alice-walton/">Alice</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="https://www.forbes.com/profile/rob-walton/">Robert Walton</a>, for example, grew the least percentage-wise, but they&#8217;re still up $3.6 billion each. Walmart shares hit an all-time high in mid-April after the first round of stimulus checks made their way to American bank accounts, and they&#8217;ve managed to stay near their peak. On Tuesday, the firm reported quarterly revenue that surged almost 10% to $134.6 billion, boosted by a 74% increase in online sales. Combined, the three billionaire Walmart heirs are worth close to $165 billion.



The figures stand in stark contrast to those at the other end of the wealth spectrum. In the U.S. total unemployment claims have risen to 39 million since mid-March, affecting about a quarter of the <a rel="noreferrer noopener" href="http://www.dlt.ri.gov/lmi/laus/us/usadj.htm" target="_blank">U.S. labor force</a>.



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<h4 class="wp-block-heading">HERE’S HOW MUCH THE WORLD’S 25 RICHEST BILLIONAIRES HAVE GAINED OVER THE PAST TWO MONTHS.</h4>



The net worth change is from Monday, March 23, to Friday, May 22.



1 | JEFF BEZOS



NET WORTH |&nbsp;$146.9 BILLION, UP&nbsp;$29.9 BILLION



COUNTRY |&nbsp;UNITED STATES



SOURCE OF WEALTH | AMAZON



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="594" height="395" src="https://www.forbesafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/gettyimages-1171215140-594x594-1.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-45540" srcset="https://cms.forbesafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/gettyimages-1171215140-594x594-1.jpg 594w, https://cms.forbesafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/gettyimages-1171215140-594x594-1-300x199.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 594px) 100vw, 594px" /><figcaption>25 September 2019, US: Jeff Bezos, head of Amazon, can be seen on the fringes of the company&#8217;s novelties event. Photo: Andrej Sokolow/dpa (Photo by Andrej Sokolow/picture alliance via Getty Images)</figcaption></figure>



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2 | BILL GATES



NET WORTH | $106.5 BILLION, UP $11.9 BILLION



COUNTRY | UNITED STATES



SOURCE OF WEALTH | MICROSOFT



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3 | BERNARD ARNAULT



NET WORTH | $94.1 BILLION, UP $12.8 BILLION



COUNTRY | FRANCE



SOURCE OF WEALTH | LVMH



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4 | MARK ZUCKERBERG



NET WORTH | $86.5 BILLION, UP $31.4 BILLION



COUNTRY | UNITED STATES



SOURCE OF WEALTH | FACEBOOK



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5 | WARREN BUFFETT



NET WORTH | $69.2 BILLION, UP $6 BILLION



COUNTRY | UNITED STATES



SOURCE OF WEALTH | BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY



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6 | LARRY ELLISON



NET WORTH | $66.4 BILLION, UP $10.4 BILLION



COUNTRY | UNITED STATES



SOURCE OF WEALTH | SOFTWARE



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7 | STEVE BALLMER



NET WORTH | $65.4 BILLION, UP $14 BILLION



COUNTRY | UNITED STATES



SOURCE OF WEALTH | MICROSOFT



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8 | LARRY PAGE



NET WORTH | $63.6 BILLION, UP $14.2 BILLION



COUNTRY | UNITED STATES



SOURCE OF WEALTH | GOOGLE



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9 | SERGEY BRIN



NET WORTH | $61.3 BILLION, UP $13.7 BILLION



COUNTRY | UNITED STATES



SOURCE OF WEALTH | GOOGLE



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10 | AMANCIO ORTEGA



NET WORTH | $60.5 BILLION, UP $5.2 BILLION



COUNTRY | SPAIN



SOURCE OF WEALTH | ZARA



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11 | JIM WALTON



NET WORTH | $55.2 BILLION, UP $3.6 BILLION



COUNTRY | UNITED STATES



SOURCE OF WEALTH | WALMART



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12 | ALICE WALTON



NET WORTH | $55 BILLION, UP $3.6 BILLION



COUNTRY | UNITED STATES



SOURCE OF WEALTH | WALMART



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="960" height="641" src="https://www.forbesafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/960x0-2.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-45542" srcset="https://cms.forbesafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/960x0-2.jpg 960w, https://cms.forbesafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/960x0-2-300x200.jpg 300w, https://cms.forbesafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/960x0-2-600x401.jpg 600w, https://cms.forbesafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/960x0-2-768x513.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px" /><figcaption>PHOTOGRAPH BY TIM PANNELL/THE FORBES COLLECTION</figcaption></figure>



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13 | ROB WALTON



NET WORTH | $54.8 BILLION, UP $3.6 BILLION



COUNTRY | UNITED STATES



SOURCE OF WEALTH | WALMART



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 14 | FRANCOISE BETTENCOURT MEYERS



NET WORTH | $54.2 BILLION, UP $6.4 BILLION



COUNTRY | FRANCE



SOURCE OF WEALTH | L’OREAL



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15 | MUKESH AMBANI



NET WORTH | $52.7 BILLION, UP $19.9 BILLION



COUNTRY | INDIA



SOURCE OF WEALTH | OIL &amp; GAS, PETROCHEMICALS



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="594" height="434" src="https://www.forbesafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/gettyimages-132668970-594x594-1.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-45543" srcset="https://cms.forbesafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/gettyimages-132668970-594x594-1.jpg 594w, https://cms.forbesafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/gettyimages-132668970-594x594-1-300x219.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 594px) 100vw, 594px" /><figcaption>Mukesh D. Ambani, chairman of Reliance Industries Ltd., attends the World Economic Forum India Economic Summit 2011 in Mumbai, India, on Sunday, Nov. 13, 2011. The annual summit shifted to the country&#8217;s financial capital this year after being held in Delhi for 26 years. Photographer: Adeel Halim/Bloomberg via Getty Images</figcaption></figure>



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16 | CARLOS SLIM HELU



NET WORTH | $51.2 BILLION, UP $4.2 BILLION



COUNTRY | MEXICO



SOURCE OF WEALTH | TELECOM



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17 | MACKENZIE BEZOS



NET WORTH | $47.8 BILLION, UP $10.4 BILLION



COUNTRY | UNITED STATES



SOURCE OF WEALTH | AMAZON



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18 | MA HUATENG



NET WORTH | $46.4 BILLION, UP $6.8 BILLION



COUNTRY | CHINA



SOURCE OF WEALTH | INTERNET MEDIA



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19 | JACK MA NET WORTH | $41.3 BILLION, UP $3 BILLION COUNTRY | CHINA SOURCE OF WEALTH | E-COMMERCE



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20 | PHIL KNIGHT NET WORTH | $37.7 BILLION, UP $9.9 BILLION COUNTRY | UNITED STATES SOURCE OF WEALTH | NIKE



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="594" height="396" src="https://www.forbesafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/gettyimages-814600280-594x594-1.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-45544" srcset="https://cms.forbesafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/gettyimages-814600280-594x594-1.jpg 594w, https://cms.forbesafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/gettyimages-814600280-594x594-1-300x200.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 594px) 100vw, 594px" /><figcaption>SUN VALLEY, ID &#8211; JULY 14: Phil Knight, co-founder and chairman emeritus of Nike, attends the fourth day of the annual Allen &amp; Company Sun Valley Conference, July 14, 2017 in Sun Valley, Idaho. Every July, some of the world&#8217;s most wealthy and powerful businesspeople from the media, finance, technology and political spheres converge at the Sun Valley Resort for the exclusive weeklong conference. (Photo by Drew Angerer/Getty Images)</figcaption></figure>



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21 | ELON MUSK



NET WORTH | $36.7 BILLION, UP $9.5 BILLION



COUNTRY | UNITED STATES



SOURCE OF WEALTH | TESLA MOTORS, SPACEX



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22 | COLIN ZHENG HUANG



NET WORTH | $35.6 BILLION, UP $17.9 BILLION



COUNTRY | CHINA



SOURCE OF WEALTH | E-COMMERCE



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23 | FRANCOIS PINAULT



NET WORTH | $31.8 BILLION, UP $2.1 BILLION



COUNTRY | FRANCE



SOURCE OF WEALTH | LUXURY GOODS



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24 | SHELDON ADELSON



NET WORTH | $30.7 BILLION, UP $1.4 BILLION



COUNTRY | UNITED STATES



SOURCE OF WEALTH | CASINOS



<hr class="wp-block-separator"/>



25 | MICHAEL DELL



NET WORTH | $28.3 BILLION, UP $3.5 BILLION



COUNTRY | UNITED STATES



SOURCE OF WEALTH | DELL COMPUTERS



<hr class="wp-block-separator"/>



&#8211;<a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/jonathanponciano/">Jonathan Ponciano</a>, Forbes Staff, <a href="https://www.forbes.com/worlds-billionaires">Billionaires</a>

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The World’s 25 Richest Billionaires Have Gained Nearly $255 Billion In Just Two Months

Aliko Dangote lives as you might expect, given he’s the richest person in Africa and resides in the same country being bullied by the insidious Boko Haram terrorist group, which finds something noble in kidnapping village girls. Located on Victoria Island, a wealthy Lagos enclave that has a moat in the form of a lagoon and the far eastern shores of the Atlantic Ocean, his mansion comes with all the trimmings: massive black gate, bulletproof windows, Big Brother video surveillance, guards and a secret entryway.
<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-3526" src="/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/cut-218-sugar_W9V1416-290x300.jpg" alt="" width="290" height="300" />
After I enter, a butler motions to a sitting room overlooking a patio and a blue-tiled pool. The three-story fortress is shielded from the 90-degree heat by powerful air-conditioners (themselves presumably shielded from Nigeria’s notoriously unreliable electric grid by diesel generators). Dangote, round-faced with a trimmed graying moustache, appears from upstairs dressed in khakis and a casual blue button-down. The 57-year-old can seem miscast in the role of industrial titan, often speaking so softly that he mumbles.
As breakfast arrives by the platterful, including plantains, smoked chicken in red sauce, diced sweet potatoes, whitefish and sausage, he sticks to coy conversation. Whether about his country’s fraught presidential election (“It’s going to be tough for both parties”) or his cement company’s long-delayed overseas listing (“Maybe next year”), he has little to say. On one subject, though, he is always articulate. “Nigeria is one of the best kept secrets,” Dangote says. “A lot of foreigners are not investing because they’re waiting for the right time. There is no right time.”
Nigeria does provide fertile opportunity for vast wealth. As evidence, look no further than Dangote’s No. 67 rank on the World’s Billionaires List and his $14.7 billion fortune – mostly from three majority stakes in publicly traded cement, sugar and four companies. And he doesn’t arrive here alone. In another dramatic sign of his country’s emergence, Nigeria has overtaken South Africa on FORBES’ 50 Richest in Africa ranking. Thirteen Nigerians earned spots in 2014, including a trio of new billionaires.
Dangote and these other Nigerians power Africa’s largest economy. The drop in crude prices prompted the oil rich country’s stock index to plunge 40% last year, taking Dangote’s net worth down in lockstep – no surprise, since his companies account for almost a third of the nation’s benchmark index (his $10.3 billion drop in net worth was the world’s largest last year). But the underlying fundamentals are strong. From 2010 to 2013, Nigerian GDP expanded by an average of 5% a year. (It now totals some $500 billion, or a third larger than South Africa.) Even with the oil glut, forecasters believe this year’s growth will top 5%. In fact, according to a widely cited Citigroup report, economists expect Nigeria to have among the fastest average annual GDP growth in the world between 2010 and 2050.
There are other reasons for international interest as well. In the shadow of rising Islamic militancy, which has destabilized the Middle East and now threatens to do the same to parts of Africa, President Obama recently issued an executive order tasking US business executives with strengthening trade ties to sub-Saharan Africa (the council includes heavy hitters from Wal-Mart, G.E. and McKinsey).
Prior to that, in May 2014, he dispatched Penny Pritzker to Nigeria, the first visit by a Commerce Secretary in two decades. America’s foreign direct investment in Nigeria reached a continent-leading $8.2 billion in 2012, the last year for which statistics are available. Overall US-Nigerian trade was $9.8 billion last year. Nigeria sells far less oil to America these days – it exported $2 billion of the black stuff last year as the US’ tenth-largest supplier – so most of that trade comes through other goods and services.
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Keeping Nigeria successful is critical. The country is already Africa’s most populous, with more than 170 million people, and that figure will swell to 210 million by 2020. By 2050, Nigeria is forecast to overtake the United States (440 million to 400 million). Yet a majority of the people subsist on less than $1.25 a day. About half are illiterate; most are very young (the country’s median age is 18.3). And 50% of rural Nigeria lacks access to clean drinking water. It’s hard to imagine the government coming to grips with it all, even if oil prices recover. Nigeria consistently ranks in the bottom quarter of the most corrupt countries in the world, according to Transparency International, and is proving a feckless pursuer of the Boko Haram thugs terrorizing the northeast.
All of which makes Dangote – well connected, wildly wealthy and ready to do business – an increasingly important player on the world stage. “Anyone doing business in Africa,” says David Rubenstein, the cofounder of the Carlyle Group and a fellow billionaire, “knows Dangote.”
The roots of Dangote’s rise lie 150 miles south of the Sahara in his hometown of Kano, Nigeria’s second largest city. A dusty metropolis, Kano has been a trade center and commercial hub since its establishment in the 10th century, thanks to its strategic location on the edge of the vast desert. Egyptian perfumes, incense, inks and mirrors dominated at first, then leather goods. The camel caravans became lucrative enough to fight over; wars broke out with neighboring kingdoms. When the British arrived in the late 1800s, Kano was West Africa’s most important business center.
Under British rule, Sanusi Dantata, Dangote’s grandfather, grew rich trading commodities like grain oats and rice, and ranked as one of Kano’s wealthiest citizens. Dantata insisted on personally raising his grandson – not an unusual arrangement in northern Nigerian culture – and instilled a businessman’s mind-set in Dangote at a young age. At the age of eight, he turned allowance into startup capital. “I would use it to buy sweets, and I would give them to some people to sell, and they would bring me the profit,” Dangote says. “When you are raised by an entrepreneurial parent or grandparent you pick that aspiration. It makes you be much more aggressive – to think anything is possible.”
The country was growing up, too. Post-colonial instability, including countless coups and a civil war in the 1960s, was eclipsed by an oil boom in the 1970s. During that decade, the economy grew 18% annually, with many of the spoils going to well-connected elites. Despite the explosion of revenue, the World Bank still considered Nigeria – along with countries such as Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Chad and Mali – as “low income,” a candidate for international aid.
Dangote, a Muslim, attended Al-Azhar University in Cairo and studied business. After graduation, he asked his grandfather for permission to move to Lagos. A $500,000 loan from his uncle set up 21-year-old Dangote as a trader of rice, sugar and cement. He was well capitalized and a naturally talented trader. He imported sugar from Brazil and rice from Thailand and sold them locally at a huge mark-up. At his height, he says, he was pocketing $10,000 in profit a day. “Things were quite good,” he says. “It allowed us to create an awful lot of cash.”
He also worked the politicians. According to a State Department cable unearthed by WikiLeaks, Dangote “held exclusive import rights in sugar, cement, and rice, using such advantages to do volume business and undercut competitors.” Dangote flatly denies this.
Dangote’s success landed him firmly on America’s radar. A 1994 diplomatic cable singled him out as a businessman to know in Nigeria and drew attention to his clan’s homes in Kano, Lagos, London and Atlanta. The State Department report also highlighted the annual family vacation to the States.
A 1995 trip to Brazil convinced him to shift from trading to manufacturing. Why continue to play middleman when he could make the stuff in Nigeria instead and pocket even more profit? His resolve was strengthened in 1999, when Nigeria held its first democratic presidential election in six years, choosing a bespectacled former military ruler and chicken farmer named Olusegun Obasanjo, whom Dangote had known since 1981. As a key part of his platform, Obasanjo had pledged to protect and promote domestic industry.
That’s all Dangote needed to hear. Dangote Sugar started in 2000 and quickly expanded the annual production capacity of its refinery at Lagos’ Apapa Port to 1.44 million tons, enough to satisfy 90% of national demand. By the time Dangote Sugar debuted on the Nigerian Stock Exchange in 2007, sales had quadrupled to $450 million. The four firms, which began in 1999 and also produces pasta and noodles, followed a similar trajectory. It began with a single mill, tripled revenue to $270 million, increased capacity eightfold to 1.5 million tons – then joined Dangote Sugar on the NSE in 2008, the same year Dangote became the first Nigerian on FORBES’  World’s Billionaires list, at No. 334. In 2005, Dangote secured a $480 million loan led by the World Bank’s International Finance Corporation – Nigerian banks didn’t have the ability, or the stomach, to put up the cash alone – and agreed to plunk down $320 million of his own money to build a cement factory. Dangote Cement listed on the NSE in 2010 as a $1.3 billion-in-sales company. The three companies today do a combined $3 billion in revenue; while Dangote Flour operates at a loss and Dangote Sugar’s net margin falls in line with Brazilian peer Cosan, the cement company is wildly profitable, with a margin of 52% – about double that of close competitor LaFarge Africa.
Obasanjo, re-elected in 2003, worked overtime to ensure that any Dangote challenger who entered the market did so with a significant handicap. At the time Dangote’s sugar and four companies went public, raw sugar was taxed 12 times less than refined sugar, wheat six times less than flour. Dangote Cement prospered from restrictive licenses. The companies retain a vice-like grip on their industries today, controlling at least half of the cement and sugar markets and about 25% of four.
“When Obasanjo took over, he took guys with him,” says a Nigerian belonging to the country’s overlapping circle of business and political elites. “He gave them a leg up.”
Last August, as the Islamic State overran northern Iraq and Boko Haram was declaring its own caliphate in Nigeria, the White House held a US-Africa trade summit in Washington, DC. A highlight was the announcement of a $5 billion fund backed by Wall Street billionaire Steve Schwarzman’s Blackstone Group – and Dangote. They plan to invest in infrastructure companies throughout sub-Saharan Africa.
“We can do well as investors, and the countries will do well,” Schwarzman says. “We’re aware that operating in Africa isn’t as easy as many other places. You have to have a very strong local partner, and we were lucky enough to find Aliko. He’s done a remarkable job.”
Rubenstein, of the Carlyle Group, sought out Dangote as well when raising money for his firm’s first sub-Sahara-focused fund in 2012. Dangote ultimately invested in the $700 million fund.
“His name carries a great deal of weight,” Rubenstein says. “If you say he’s an investor with you that carries a lot of weight. He’s helped us.”
The Carlyle fund has so far invested in five companies, including a $147 million deal last November for Nigeria-based Diamond Bank, a retail lender.
It’s all part of Dangote’s fast-rising international profile. He’s a Davos regular, and appeared with Goodluck Jonathan, Nigeria’s current president, on a panel about investment potential in Africa at the 2014 World Economic Forum. Even four years ago, he was there making a familiar pitch: “Don’t give any more aid to Africa,” he said. Invest with local partners instead. “You will make money, and we’ll make money, and it’s better for everyone.”
But it is not in Dangote’s nature to rely on others to prosper. Mostly, he relies on himself.
He trusts few others with real power at his companies, often making decisions with little more than gut feeling, says a former top executive.
“Ultimately all the decisions sit with the boss, Dangote, rather than the senior management,” the executive says.
Self-reliance and a supremely healthy ego blend seamlessly into a cult of personality at Dangote’s firms. Portraits of him hang on the walls. The average Dangote employee seems to virtually worship him.
“I’m going to be a big man, I’m going to be the next Dangote,” a lab technician at the one of the cement plants says over and over again until his sentiment is recorded on paper. A lieutenant warns that Dangote will walk out of a meeting if it starts even a minute late.
But Dangote is hardly the hermetic workaholic (“I don’t think I’ll ever retire”) he puts on. “He attends more parties than anyone I know,” says Jim Ovia, a banker and close friend. One Sunday last month found Dangote on his yacht – christened Mariya after his mother – and then flying to Geneva on Monday to see his grandchildren. Later that week, he met first with the French general counsel and then with Davido, Nigeria’s biggest pop star.
Another recent social call: breakfast with former president Obasanjo, then onto Abuja to meet the current president. Dangote has good reason to keep up with Jonathan, whose government still enforces Obasanjo-era high tariffs on imports that compete with Dangote’s key products. Indeed, the State Department has come to see Dangote as completely inseparable from the Nigerian government.
“But without him a lot of people wouldn’t have jobs,” says a former US diplomat in Africa. “And Nigeria would be weaker.”
Jonathan’s reign may soon end: He faces a surprisingly strong challenger in this March’s presidential election, and Boko Haram’s unchecked bloodshed is at least partly to blame. The insurgents have killed an estimated 20,000 people, displaced more than a million and now control some 20,000 square miles within Nigeria. Jonathan’s opponent – a retired army general – is seen by his supporters as the best man to finally defeat the terrorists. For Dangote, the upheaval has meant lower demand for his cement (“There are places in the north where no one is thinking of building a home,” one Dangote executive says), and he cut cement prices twice last year, most recently by 14% in November. But whether it’s Jonathan or someone else ruling Nigeria, observers find it difficult to believe that anyone would shut him out of the presidential palace. He’s simply too important to the economy.
Oil represents another big play. He is busy building a refinery some 40 minutes by car outside central Lagos. He explains with uncharacteristic glee that the recent drop in prices will actually make construction easier. His suppliers will be desperate… and easy pickings. “We will be the only ones around,” he says. “We will carry a big knife and cut them on prices.”
The refinery, Dangote says, can be profitable even at $50 to $70 a barrel. Raw crude for the refinery will come from multiple suppliers. If all goes according to plan, it’ll produce 650,000 barrels a day – a variety of gas, diesel and jet fuel. Dangote would basically walk away with a monopoly on refined oil in the country: The four Nigerian National Petroleum refineries are viewed as corrupt to the point of non-functioning.
To make it happen, Dangote plans to invest some $10 billion to $11 billion in the project and an adjacent petrochemical plant, with at least $6.75 billion in debt financing. Dangote threw a big celebration the day he signed the loan terms at the Hilton in Abuja. Guests included state governors, bank executives and, naturally, the president.
Terraforming is almost complete on the refinery’s 10-square-mile site – a jungle swamp now turned into a sandy expanse. A drive-through reveals a few stick huts, the last remnants of native villages that were there before Dangote arrived. Dangote executives promise the government has compensated the displaced natives well. As a stream of black Dangote trucks pass – one with a full bed of armed guards – a woman scurries inside a hut and shoots back a dark look.
The convoy pulls to a halt on a palm-tree-lined beach, a tropical paradise more suited to multimillion-dollar condos than refining petrochemicals. It’s a goner, though, the future home of another Dangote empire.
“The refinery will start in 2018 if we finish on time,” Dangote says, optimistic as always. “By that time all the dead bodies will have been removed from the street. All the trouble will be gone.”

Tag: World’s Billionaires List

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